Effects of sand content on initial gravel motion in gravel‐bed rivers          下载免费PDF全文

Hiroshi Miwa  Gary Parker 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(9):1355-1364

When fine sediments are present in gravel streambeds (gravel‐framework beds), the gravel can be more easily removed from its original position, compared with gravel in a streambed without fine sediment but otherwise under the same hydraulic conditions. In this study, the effect of the presence of sand on the initiation of gravel motion in gravel riverbeds was investigated using flume experiments. The relationship between the critical Shields stress for gravel motion initiation and the fraction of sand in the bed was determined experimentally. The results can be summarized as follows. (1) When the fraction of sand in the bed is smaller than about 0.4, the critical Shields stress for the initiation of gravel motion decreases with increasing fraction of sand. The critical Shields stress increases, however, with increasing fraction of sand when it is larger than about 0.4. (2) The difference between the value of the critical Shields stress predicted by the Egiazaroff equation and the value obtained from the experimental data becomes maximum at about 0.4 of the fraction of sand. Here an empirical relation between the critical Shields stress and the fraction of sand is proposed so as to consider the effects of the ratio of the characteristic gravel size to the mean size of the bed material on the critical Shields stress. (3) Gravel in armored beds can be more easily mobilized by supplying sand as part of a sediment augmentation scheme. The sand fraction in the subsurface layer of the bed appears to reduce the friction angle of exposed particles. Sediment augmentation using sand has been recently demonstrated to be a viable alternative for mobilizing gravel for the restoration of gravel‐bed rivers downstream of dams. The quantitative evaluation obtained through the experiments reported here may be useful for the design of augmentation schemes. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Evolution of gravel surfaces in a sediment‐recirculating flume          下载免费PDF全文

Jie Qin  Deyu Zhong  Teng Wu  Lingli Wu 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2017,42(9):1397-1407

The assumption of the equilibrium state of gravel surfaces in flume experiments under feeding or recirculating conditions is generally justified by three equilibrium criteria based on sediment transport, slopes, and bed features. When these parameters become stable, an experiment is expected to reach equilibrium. This equilibrium state, however, is based on a one‐dimensional model, the Exner equation, which may not truly reflect the equilibrium state of the system considering the complex flow and sediment processes. In this paper, the evolutionary process of a gravel surface is investigated based on a large‐scale recirculating flume experiment. The performances of the three equilibrium criteria are evaluated first, and then the evolution of the bed morphology is studied. The key findings include the following: (1) the sediment transport rate, slopes of water and bed surfaces, and one‐dimensional morphological features reach equilibrium roughly simultaneously; (2) two‐dimensional morphology continually evolves after these characteristics reach equilibrium, which is confirmed by the characteristics of the sediment transport process; and (3) the results from a numerical simulation suggest that a much longer time is required to reach an equilibrium state. Our results suggest that sufficient experimental time is required to investigate the equilibrium morphological characteristics of gravel surfaces, which is much longer than the equilibrium time reflected by the one‐dimensional equilibrium criteria. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

砂卵(砾)石动剪切模量比与阻尼比的试验研究     

王晓军  赵凤新  尤红兵  聂大巍 《震灾防御技术》2018,13(1):1-12

砂卵(砾)石的动剪切模量比和阻尼比是河谷地貌场地地震反应分析的重要参数,对设计地震动参数的确定有重要影响。本文利用商洛市地震小区划项目砂卵石的动三轴试验结果,结合其他砂卵(砾)石动三轴试验结果,分组统计得到了稍密、中密、密实砂卵(砾)动三轴试验的推荐结果。建立了典型场地模型,研究了其动剪切模量比和阻尼比的不确定性对场地地震反应的影响。研究表明:动剪切模量比、阻尼比平均值±1倍标准差的不确定性对砂卵石场地峰值加速度的影响较小,说明了分组及统计结果的合理性;不同概率水平下,动剪模量比、阻尼比的变化导致高频部分反应谱有明显差异,0.04-0.1s的反应谱变化范围在20%左右,但对大于1.0s的长周期反应谱影响很小。针对砂卵(砾)石动剪切模量比和阻尼比的研究对提高工程场地设计地震动参数的可靠性具有重要意义。  相似文献   

近45a内蒙古浑善达克沙地湖泊群的变化   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

白雪梅  春喜  斯琴毕力格  宋洁 《湖泊科学》2016,28(5):1086-1094

浑善达克沙地处于季风边缘区,其气候特性和人类活动决定了该地区生态系统的脆弱和环境变化的敏感性.目前,该区湖泊生态环境问题十分严重,对研究区的水资源、草原景观以及当地居民生产生活造成了严重影响.选取1969年1∶50000地形图所指示的面积≥0.01 km~2的175个湖泊为研究对象,结合1973-2013年的17期Landsat MSS/TM/ETM/OLI卫星遥感影像数据,对1969-2013年间的湖泊群变化进行了系统的研究和初步探讨.结果表明:1969年湖泊群总面积为502.04 km~2,而2013年其面积为303.42 km~2,总体呈萎缩趋势.其中面积萎缩和干涸的湖泊分别为88和85个,而面积扩张的湖泊仅有2个(人工筑坝所致).近45 a间,1970s-1980s湖泊面积波动性减少,而在1990s初期则出现持续上升状态.在1995-2011年湖泊面积总体下降,到2013年则出现微弱的扩张现象.从湖泊变化空间分布格局来看,萎缩和干涸的湖泊集中在该沙地腹地.  相似文献   

Architectural Model of a Dryland Gravel Braided River, based on 3D UAV Oblique Photogrammetric Data: A Case Study of West Dalongkou River in Eastern Xinjiang, China          下载免费PDF全文

YIN Senlin  ZHU Baiyu  GUO Haiping  XU Zhenhu  LI Xiaoshan  WU Xiaojun  CHEN Yukun  JIANG Zhibin 《《地质学报》英文版》2023,97(1):269-285

Three-dimensional unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) oblique photogrammetric data were used to infer mountainous gravel braided river lithofacies, lithofacies associations and architectural elements. Hierarchical architecture and lithofacies associations with detailed lithofacies characterizations were comprehensively described to document the architectural model, architectural element scale and gravel particle scale.(1) Nine lithofacies(i.e., Gmm, Gcm, Gcc, Gci, Gcl, Ss, Sm, Fsm and Fl) were identifi...  相似文献   

毛乌素沙地绿洲化过程中生态服务价值及生态网络格局演变     

乔碩  王海兵  左合君  刘茜雅  吴月茹 《中国沙漠》2022,42(3):118-126

揭示沙地生态系统服务价值及其稳定性网络格局的动态演变规律,对沙地分区治理及农、林、牧产业结构调整具有重要意义。以1986年以来土地利用变化数据为基础,统计分析毛乌素沙地生态系统服务价值（ESV）时空分异规律,以生态服务价值最大化为目标和策略,利用最小累积阻力模型（MCR）,探讨了毛乌素沙地生态网络格局演变规律。结果表明：（1）1986—2020年,随着毛乌素沙地绿洲化过程的推进,林地取代沙地成为毛乌素沙地的主导地类,2020年林草覆盖率达71.38%。（2）1986—2020年,毛乌素沙地生态服务价值整体上升了198.76亿元,1986—2006、2006—2020年沙地生态服务价值增长速率分别为每年2.51亿元和10.62亿元;从空间上来看极高生态服务价值区集中分布在河南乡和毛盖图苏木,至2016年以来逐渐扩展到苏米图苏木、嘎鲁图镇等区域。（3）生态网络格局呈明显的双区分异,即生态网络稀疏的西北区,以沙地复垦地、流动沙丘和半流动沙丘为主;以及生态网络稠密的东南区,以林草覆盖率较高的固定沙地和河流、湖泊水资源丰富地区为主,且随生态服务价值高值点迁移,稳定性网络结构逐年向东北方向偏移。  相似文献   

Riparian vegetation and island formation along the gravel‐bed Fiume Tagliamento,Italy     

A. M. Gurnell  G. E. Petts  D. M. Hannah  B. P. G. Smith  P. J. Edwards  J. Kollmann  J. V. Ward  K. Tockner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2001,26(1):31-62

After more than 300 years of river management, scientific knowledge of European river systems has evolved with limited empirical knowledge of truly natural systems. In particular, little is known of the mechanisms supporting the evolution and maintenance of islands and secondary channels. The dynamic, gravel‐bed Fiume Tagliamento, Italy, provides an opportunity to acquire baseline data from a river where the level of direct engineering intervention along the main stem is remarkably small. Against a background of a strong alpine to mediterranean climatic and hydrological gradient, this paper explores relationships between topography, sediment and vegetation at eight sites along the active zone of the Tagliamento. A conceptual model of island development is proposed which integrates the interactions between large woody debris and vegetation, geomorphic features, sediment calibre and hydrological regime. Islands may develop on bare gravel sites or be dissected from the floodplain by channel avulsion. Depositional and erosional processes result in different island types and developmental stages. Differences in the apparent trajectories of island development are identified for each of the eight study sites along the river. The management implications of the model and associated observations of the role of riparian vegetation in island development are considered. In particular, the potential impacts of woody debris removal, riparian tree management, regulation of river flow and sediment regimes, and changes in riparian tree species' distribution are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

基于植被指数、光谱和形状指数的面向对象沙地提取方法研究_^*          下载免费PDF全文

王莹  张玉书  纪瑞鹏  武晋雯  于文颖  冯锐 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2023,17(3):134-142

以辽宁省康平县为研究区域,基于高分一号卫星(GF-1)空间分辨率16 m的多光谱影像,通过分析沙地提取的最优分割与合并尺度,以及沙地与其他地类的植被指数、光谱及形状指数特征差异,构建沙地特征提取规则,采用面向对象方法对沙地信息进行提取。结果表明：辽宁省康平县沙地最优分割尺度为40,最优合并尺度为90。沙地与非沙地的归一化植被指数和绿波段光谱均具有高可分性,Jeffries-Matusita（J-M）距离达到了1.92以上。基于植被指数、光谱特征和形状指数3个参数的面向对象沙地提取总体精度达到88.09%以上,Kappa系数高于0.81。此方法具有较好的适用性,能够为沙地信息提取和面积估算提供参考。  相似文献